Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa (a Madagascar wild cat) on USB
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)
The fossa is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family Herpestidae. Wikipedia
I have installed linux from CD(DVD?) last few times.
USB needed this time . . .
Create a BASIC linux bootable USB installer:
download Ubunto 20.04 .iso image.
https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04/
Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS (Focal Fossa)
Use ubuntu "startup disk creator" utility to write it to USB key.
Disadvantage: image not writable, extra space on USB key cannot be written to.
(iso9660 NOT WRITEABLE):
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-ubuntu#1-overview
Create a linux bootable USB with writable partition: <- much better
download Ubunto 20.04 .iso image.
Install mkusb and mkusb-plug tools. (sudo apt add repository for mkusb and apt-get install).
Run mkusb-plug, selecting "live drive with usbdata partition" and select the .iso file and USB device.
See detail here on different methods to create bootable linux USB keys:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1181854/how-is-it-easier-to-make-a-persistent-live-drive-with-ubuntu-19-10
You now have Ubuntu on a USB stick, bootable and ready to go.
With a bootable Ubuntu USB stick, you can:
Install or upgrade Ubuntu
Test out the Ubuntu desktop experience without touching your PC configuration
Boot into Ubuntu on a borrowed machine or from an internet cafe
Use tools installed by default on the USB stick to repair or fix a broken configuration
Dual boot install Dell XPS 13 Windows 10. Install for kate's laptop.
"Install ubuntu alongside Windows" == Installing dual boot Ubuntu and Windows:
Backup your stuff, read many docs.
CAVEAT! BEWARE! Installs like this could go wrong, your windows stuff would still be there. Probably. Recovering from a problem could be quite tricky. If you have pretty common computer/hardware then most likely all will be easy, fine no problem.
Disable windows Fast Boot (optional).
Disable Secure Boot (windows UEFI ~= bios settings)
Create free disk space for linux install,
open windows "create and format hard disk partitions" and shrink disk.
These pages have decent detailed instructions:
https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
https://hackernoon.com/installing-ubuntu-18-04-along-with-windows-10-dual-boot-installation-for-deep-learning-f4cd91b58557
https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-install-ubuntu-20-04-alongside-windows-10-dual-boot
Wow. The grub menu test on the Dell XPS 13 is teeeeny tiny.
The install of linux went easy, exactly as with instructions.
Disable secure boot/fast boot was already done.
Getting UEFI menus to boot into bios took some fiddling.
Writeable usb boot:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1181854/how-is-it-easier-to-make-a-persistent-live-drive-with-ubuntu-19-10
mkusb-minp - small stand-alone shellscript that can use this new feature in Ubuntu 19.10. It works with Debian 10 too.
mkusb-plug - small set of shellscripts that can use this new feature in Ubuntu 19.10. It works with Debian 10 too. I think you will find things easier with this new and very safe tool with a graphical user interface.
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/565250/cannot-mount-live-usb-drive-as-read-write
$ sudo mkusb-plug
source file: '/home/xxxx/Downloads/ubuntu-20.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso'
--{vfat|exfat|ntfs}
*** usbfs ***
spawn bash -c xorriso-dd-target -plug_test -trust_lsblk_udev | tee /tmp/tmp.WoL3W0SOhv
Caused by option -plug_test: Attempt to find the desired device
by watching it appear after being plugged in.
Step 1:
Please make sure that the desired target device is plugged _out_ now.
If it is currently plugged in, make sure to unmount all its fileystems
and then unplug it.
Press the Enter key when ready.
Found and noted as _not_ desired: sda nvme0n1
Step 2:
Please plug in the desired target device and then press the Enter key.
Waiting up to 10 seconds for a new device to be listed .... found: sdc
Now waiting 5 seconds to let it settle .........
Found and noted as desired device: sdc
sdc : YES : usb+ has_iso9660+ has_vfat+ : FLASH Drive_SM_USB20
Repeating test of target device with elevated permissions:
target device: /dev/sdc
sdc : YES : usb+ has_iso9660+ has_vfat+ : FLASH Drive_SM_USB20
task: '--ntfs'
source file: '/home/james/Downloads/ubuntu-20.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso'
target device: /dev/sdc
MODEL NAME FSTYPE LABEL SIZE
Drive_SM_USB20 sdc iso9660 Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 7.6G
sdc1 iso9660 Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 2.6G
sdc2 vfat Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 3.9M
***** datp: live with ntfs data partition *****
Trying to unmount partitions if mounted on the target device
umount: /dev/sdc: not mounted.
umount: /dev/sdc2: not mounted.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please wait until the process has finished and 'Done' is written
..... Flash modified iso file to target ........................................
2785017856=file size
2779774976 bytes (2.8 GB, 2.6 GiB) copied, 466 s, 6.0 MB/s
2656+0 records in
2656+0 records out
2785017856 bytes (2.8 GB, 2.6 GiB) copied, 466.784 s, 6.0 MB/s
----- cleanup after dd ------------------------------------------
18681 pts/4 00:00:00 mkusb-sedd
Warning: The driver descriptor says the physical block size is 2048 bytes, but Linux says it is 512 bytes.
/dev/sdc2 after flashing
..... Create partition .........................................................
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): Partition number (3,4, default 3): First sector (5439488-15814655, default 5439488): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (5439488-15814655, default 15814655):
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Device or resource busy
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).
prober: /dev/sdc2 for persistence
prober: /dev/sdc2 for persistence
prober: /dev/sdc3 for persistence
..... Overwrite first mibibyte of partition ....................................
umount: /dev/sdc: not mounted.
umount: /dev/sdc1: not mounted.
umount: /dev/sdc2: not mounted.
umount: /dev/sdc3: not mounted.
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.219854 s, 4.8 MB/s
..... Create file system in usbdata partition .................................
Cluster size has been automatically set to 4096 bytes.
Creating NTFS volume structures.
mkntfs completed successfully. Have a nice day.
Finally, please wait for a few more seconds ...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME MODEL FSTYPE LABEL MOUNTPOINT SIZE NAME
sdc Drive_SM_USB20 iso9660 Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 7.6G sdc
sdc1 iso9660 Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 2.6G sdc1
sdc2 vfat Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS amd64 3.9M sdc2
sdc3 ntfs usbdata 5G sdc3
Done :-)